Learning a Second Language

Learning a second language after using your native language all your life can truly frustrating and overwhelming at first. But as one begins to chip away at the language and begin to some understand words, these form a foundation or scaffold upon which you can understand more words, primarily in context. More words, more context and this then creates cycle that helps towards achieving fluency in the target or second language. Mei-Yu (1998) once said that in the acquisition of oral language, â€Å"young children are active agents†, constantly process the language inputs that they are constantly exposed to and define and refine them ways that makes sense to them on a personal level. Children create hypotheses or theories about language rules, constantly filtering these theories through active engagement or connections with the more competent language users in their immediate environment. Unconsciously, they learn to recognize contexts and begin acquiring fine discrimination in their use of a language. This means that for a second language learner, the best way to learn is through immersion in the language. Total immersion creates a â€Å"sink or swim† instinct within the individual. The need to communicate and express one’s self will supersede all barriers to learning, and the individual will learn the language because of the instinctive need to survive. Children are especially natural linguists, able to effortlessly discern language rules and allow then to learn as many languages as they are exposed to. (Alyousef, 2005) However, the older we get, these natural language processes are replaced by conscious awareness of rules, which hinders the learning of a new language. For adults, the process of learning through immersion may take longer than for adults, but the process of second language acquisition remains essentially the same, especially if there is total immersion in the target language. For individuals moving to a new land permanently, total immersion will not be a problem. The â€Å"sink or swim† concept is so very true in the learning of a second language, the language must be learned in order to survive in society, then it most certainly be learned, it will only be a matter of time. Indeed learning a new language is all about exposure, but in most cases, such is not possible. For most of us, we learn a second language through formal and conscious lessons in second language classes. For people who are learning a new language, the best way to do so is through a strategy. For adult learners, it is important to follow some guidelines in order to facilitate language learning. The first step would be is to make an honest assessment of your competencies in the target language; do you have some basic knowledge or none at all? The second step is to analyze the language being taught and recognize similarities between the two. Teachers should be the one to initiate this. Language teachers should recognize individual skills and competencies which can be used to scaffold the new concepts being learned.   Building upon prior knowledge or what one already knows or is already skilled at is the best way to learn something new. In terms of language learning, the important thing is to reinforce the prior knowledge and connect it with the target skill, regardless of the languages involved. Starting with what you know is the best way to attack second language learning. When an individual approaches a lesson armed with knowledge and skills they already have, they have more confidence in exploring the new language. It is also encouraging because it gives you a sense of success and accomplishment early on in the lesson, something which is very important to maintain student motivation. Following similarities and prior knowledge, then learning can shift to the differences in the two languages involved to allow them to distinguish one from the other. Using prior knowledge once again, the learners should be allowed to recognize these differences themselves.   (Alyousef, 2005, p.7) Prior knowledge is a learning strategy that second language learners must use so that they will not feel so powerless while learning a new language. For those learning a second language, it is also important for the individual to realize why they need to learn the target language. Motivation is a crucial element of learning; if the target language must be learned to make an individual functional in society, then this need will facilitate the learning. (Crystal, 1987) Once the similarities have been established and the differences distinguished between the two alphabets, then the next is to focus on reinforcing the target language’s alphabet system and how their sounds are produced, making occasional references to the alphabet of the native language. These references will reinforce the connections between the two languages and help the student in the learning process. This strategy is meant to make the third-grade students be comfortable with the target alphabet by relating them to their native alphabet. Eventually, such references to the native alphabet will be gradually eliminated. This way the students can be fluent in the second alphabet independent of the mother tongue. (Mora, 2002) Of course for people who have achieved a certain level of fluency in the target language, the next step is to improve pronunciation. Knowing how to speak in a second language will not be of much value if you cannot be understood because of how you say it. Pronunciation can be a barrier in communication, so being able to say words correctly is crucial. The good thing is that accent is very easy to neutralize. Speech production is universal and the mechanism is the same for all of us. As such, we can learn to produce old sounds in new ways, such as when we attempt to pronounce a word differently. (Mora, 2002) But it must also be said that training the tongue to say words in new ways takes discipline. It can also be frustrating at first, and success can only be achieved with constant practice and conscious effort. This conscious production is necessary so that we can train the articulators to change its speech production habits. After knowing how the target sound is produced, the key is to constantly apply it until the body remembers it on its own without any conscious control on our part. Initially feedback is necessary; we need to listen to how we make the sounds so that we can make the mechanical adaptations necessary to achieve the change. To address this, we can record ourselves and monitor our progress as we continue to practice. Hearing how we improve over time is inspiring and encouraging. After all is said and done, there is great satisfaction in not just being fluent in a second language, but also being able to say it properly and clearly. Indeed, when it comes to learning a new language, the best way to do so is through patience and constant practice. If total immersion in the language is not possible, the best way is to form a strategy when approaching a language learning task. Whenever possible, the target language must be used so that the mind gets used to the language and begins to form a schema about it. References Alyousef, H. (2005). Teaching Reading Comprehension to ESL/EFL teachers. The Reading Matrix. Vol. 5, No. 2. Crystal, D. (1987). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language.   Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Lu, Mei-Yu. (1998). Language Learning in Social and Cultural Contexts. ERIC Digest.   

A Funny Incident Essay

Hostel life is not without its disadvantages. The rich students get sufficient money from their parents and therefore spend lavishly. The poor boarders also urge their parents to increase their monthly allowance and spend their hard earned money on luxuries. The company of the rich also makes them pick up their bad habits. They start smoking. Some of them take to intoxicants and thereby ruin themselves. Another great defect in hostel life is the mismanagement on the part of the warden. The food supplied is simply unworthy of consumption by the students. The result in most cases is that in spite of the congenial atmosphere, they lose in health; they begin to hate the food supplied. In contrast to this is the life at home. The atmosphere at home, the love of parents, the affection bestowed on them by their brothers and sisters, the food they are supplied — all make them grow up into bright young boys and girls. A casual survey of the life of hostelers reveals the fact that most of the students who get into a merit list are those who have lived at home and not in hostels. The fact is that a boarder has limited time at his disposal for studies because of the rigid control; there are games and limited hours of study. The turning off of light at the time when they would like to study is a stumbling block in their way. When we examine the advantages and disadvantages of life in the hostel, we are convinced the home life is the best for the students

Corporate Social Responsibility In Business Free Essay Example, 3500 words

The green movement has given precedence to corporate social responsibility which has become the buzzword in the business world. To address the environmental needs and to meet the restrictions placed by the International agencies, strategy managers and high-level executives are incorporating various CSR initiatives. They opt to use PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal) model to incorporate these initiatives by identifying which areas will be impacted by various CSR initiatives. For example, recycling of paper will address the political aspect of the PESTEL model as it is following the restrictions placed by the UN. With the help of this model, business-strategic managers can identify various CSR initiatives and adopt those addressing each aspect of the model at various strategic levels. Strategy defined as the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of re sources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfill stakeholder expectations (Johnson and Scholes 2006). From big to small organizations, the strategy is important as it highlights the direction the business is trying to take, the scope of their business, the expectation from their stakeholders, the utilization of their resources, and their advantages over its competitors. We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Social Responsibility In Business or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now In big organizations, strategy exists at several levels: corporate strategy, business unit strategy and functional unit strategy whereas in a small organization, the levels are intermingled with each other. The corporate strategy is concerned with the overall purpose and scope of the business (Mintzberg et al 2005). For example, Microsoft takes a strategic approach to accessibility in product planning, research and development, product development and testing. They are continuously working to make the computer easier to use and handle by building various accessibility features into Microsoft products.

Othello Notes - 2305 Words

Othello Notes: Assessment Objectives: AO1: A consistently fluent, precise writing, using critical terminology to present a coherent and detailed argument in which the question is well understood and answered. AO2: Well developed, analytical and consistently detailed discussion of effects of language, form and structure and ways in which it affects the audience. AO3: Well informed and detailed discussion of different readings of the text by various audiences, as well as different critical approaches. AO4: Well detailed and consistently developed understanding of the significance of context of the text. Critical Approaches: A C Bradley (1904): Othello’s nature is all of one piece. His trust where he trust is absolute.†¦show more content†¦Feudalism was giving way to capitalism; there were attacks on the Crown. Aristotle’s Poetics: Othello follows the classical approach to tragedy set out in Aristotle’s Poetics. The play imitates actions which excite pity and fear. The character between two extremes that of a man who is not eminently (respectfully) good and just, yet some error or frailty (conditions of being wear or delicate). He must be one who is highly renowned and prosperous-a personage like Oedipus of the Greek Myth, or other illustrious men of such families. A well-constructed plot should therefore be single in its issue, rather than double as some maintain. The change of fortune should be not from bad to good, but reversely, from good to bad. It should come about as the result not of vice, but of some great error or frailty in character either such as we described, or better rather than worse. Iago’s plot is Iago’s character in action: Iago is a being who hates good simply because it is good, and loves evil purely for itself. His action is not prompted by any plain motive like revenge, jealousy or ambition. It springs from a â€Å"motiveless malignity† or a disinterested delight in the pain of others. Iago is a perfect examples of how evil naturally arises within the human nature. As Ecclesiastes says â€Å"the hearts of the children or men are full of evil.† The organic way â€Å"I’ll pour this pestilence into his ear† in which Iago’s plots consume the other characters andShow MoreRelatedBradley vs Leavis, Notes on Othello766 Words   |  4 PagesOthello The Bradley view ( Coleridge) †¢ Othello’s description of himself as, â€Å"one not easily jealous, but, being wrought, / Perplexed in extreme,† is perfectly just. His tragedy lies in this – that his whole nature was indisposed to jealousy, and yet was such that he was unusually open to deception, and, if once wrought to passion, likely to act with little reflection, with no delay, and in the most decisive manner conceivable. †¢ But up to this point, where Iago is dismissed (III,iii,238)Read MoreMusical Characterization For Othello s Othello997 Words   |  4 Pages Musical Characterization for Othello In Verdi’s Othello, the music is used by Verdi to characterize each character in the opera. It is the music who describes the audience the personality traits of each character. Moreover, music accompanies every scene in the opera. In many cases, we can know what is happening or what the character is feeling through the music the orchestra is playing. This is an innovative way to characterize the characters in an opera used by Verdi that do not fit into theRead MoreOthello s Influence On The World Of Opera1295 Words   |  6 PagesVerdi’s Othello has had a profound influence on the world of opera, and considered by many critics to be his best work. Othello has been performed throughout the world, debuting in over 25 countries within the first fifty years of its creation (Stanford). It has been performed all over the globe by world-renowned operettists, in theatres such as the Lincoln Center in New York, the Sydney Opera House in Sydney, and the Bolshoi in Russia. Othel lo is about a general who is led to believe his wife isRead MoreOthello’s Dramatic Flaw in Shakespeares Othello Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe play â€Å"Othello† by William Shakespeare was written in 1604 during the Elizabeth era. Othello is one of the most extraordinary characters in all of Shakespeare’s dramas. 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Specifically, flaws such as his vivid imagination and his self over-idealization are brought to the surface by Iago, which consequentlyRead MoreEssay on The Tragic Hero in William Shakespeare ´s Othello617 Words   |  3 Pagesmost prominent to be Othello. In Othello, we find a number of tragic flaws two including pride and ambition. In William Shakespeare’s play, Othello, pride and ambition are used to identify the outcomes for the main characters in the play when seeing the resolution of the play, perceiving those who survive and those who don’t, and considering each character’s role in the turn of events. Pride and ambition are shown in Othello, the tragic hero, and in Iago, the villain. Othello shows pride throughoutRead More Racism in William Shakespeares Othello Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeares Othello The play, Othello, is certainly, in part, the tragedy of racism. Examples of racism are common throughout the dialog. This racism is directed toward Othello, a brave soldier from Africa and currently supreme commander of the Venetian army. Nearly every character uses a racial slur to insult Othello at one point in the play. Even Emilia sinks to the level of insulting Othello based on the color of his skin. The character that most commonly makes racist remarks in Othello is IagoRead MoreJealousy and Race in Othello 1430 Words   |  6 PagesOthello is one of Shakespeare’s tragedies; originally written as a play and performed to an Elizabethan audience. Othello and many of Shakespeare’s other plays have been performed to various audiences since, and have been adapted into Opera, Ballet, Film and television productions. Othello has survived the centuries to this day and age; and continues to captivate and remain relevant to a modern audience; Othello certainly is a t imeless classic work of art. â€Å"The object of tragic imitation is menRead More Iago: Suffering Through Evil1471 Words   |  6 PagesThe soldier’s jealousy converges with his personal injustice to direct his passion of hate towards the Moor. Iago accuses Othello of having relations with his wife, and that Othello has not given him the correct rank that he has earned after years of service at Othello’s side. Iago had devoted his intelligence and efficiency to good and, from that he gained nothing. Othello gave the lieutenant ship to Cassio and thus turned Iago’s jealousy towards Cassio as well. After this, he changes his courseRead MoreEssay on Jealousy in Shakespeares Othello649 Words   |  3 PagesJealousy in Othello The tragedy of Othello is the story of jealousy. It is Othellos public insecurity that makes him jealous of Cassio and allows him to believe that Cassio has slept with Desdemona. Also, it is Iagos jealousy of Othello that drives him to destroy both Othello and Desdemona. What is fascinating about Shakespeares Othello is the way in which jealousy between the major characters is sexualized. Perhaps what makes Othello so disturbing is how quickly this sexualized jealousy

Article Review Reducing Situational Violence - 826 Words

Article Review I: Reducing Situational Violence in Low-Income Couples Many couples experience IPV. IPV is more prevalent among couples of low economical status therefore it is important to support these types of couples (Cleary Gottman, 2012). Moreover low-income individuals are more likely to have experienced issues in their own family of origin such as divorce that can impact their current relationships in a negative way, thus the research in this article addresses the needs of these populations (Cleary Gottman, 2012). Thus the treatment of IPV, creating healthy relationships programs and the impact these programs has on IPV are all discussed in this article. Furthermore in this article review, I will define the main topics, strengths, limitations and clinical applications of the research. Topic of the Article This article examined low-income situational violence couples when a psycho-educational designed intervention was applied to reduce IPV (Cleary Gottman, 2012). This research is a quantitative study with an independent variable (therapeutic skills taught: friendship, sex/romance/passion, shared meaning and conflict management skills) and a dependent variable (IPV increase or decrease). It was hypothesized that using therapeutic skills taught to the couples during the interventions would reduce IPV (Cleary Gottman, 2012). A treatment group and a control group were used to examine 115 couples in which they were randomly assigned to a group. During differentShow MoreRelatedThe Effectiveness Of Gang Prevention Programs Essay1861 Words   |  8 PagesReview of the Effectiveness of Gang Prevention Programs: Community Crime Prevention Programs Introduction Community crime prevention programs incorporate practices that target changes in a community’s culture, physical environment, or infrastructure to reduce crime such as gang involvement and violence (Citation Needed). This paper will examine the following three different strategies used in crime prevention programs: focused deterrence strategy, problem-solving policing, and situational crimeRead MoreCommon Belief Of Video Game Violence1418 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review Common Belief of Video Game Violence Ever since the Columbine High School shooting in 1999 and the shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in 2012 (and many other incidents), there has been a belief among many people that playing violent video games causes children to commit violent crimes. These societal beliefs fall into the â€Å"moral panic† category where society believes that behavioral choices of others within a society poses a great risk to a society as a whole (Ferguson, 2008)Read MoreResearch Paper: Crime Prevention Strategies2484 Words   |  10 PagesContents Page Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...............4 Research Question (or hypothesis)...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Research (including methodology)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...............4 Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..............6 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 Reference List†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9Read MoreEssay about Compare and Contrast Leadership Theories9999 Words   |  40 Pagesthe attainment of organizational or societal goals. The following sections discuss several important aspects of leadership including a description of what leadership is and a description of several popular theories and styles of leadership. This article also discusses topics such as the role of emotions and vision, as well as leadership effectiveness and performance, leadership in different contexts, how it may differ from related concepts (i.e., management), and some critiques of leadership as generallyRead MoreBusiness4225 Words   |  17 Pagesexperiencing violence in the school (Fajoju, 2009). Although the school had always remained one of the safest places, next to the home in a child’s life, one wonders if this still holds sway in our present society given the ever increasing spate of violence in our schools. Violence in schools is an issue that has become more prominent in the last few years, as news articles about violent deeds within the school setting is now on the increase. Despite the increasing rate of violence in schools, theRead MoreThe Effects Of Computer Games On Society3332 Words   |  14 Pageswhether violence in computer games has a direct link to violence in the society. It starts by looking into the definition of a violence and the type of violence that are common in our society today. The essay looks into the prevalence of and exposure to computer games in the modern society. It went further to investigate the impacts of computer games as an entertaining and recreational medium. In order to do justice to the aforementioned controversy between violence in computer games and violence in theRead MoreEffects of Urban Crime on the Urban Environment3791 Words   |  16 Pageshis article â€Å" Urban violence and contemporary defensive spaces† indicates that CRIME was always widespread during periods of the past. He argues that violent crime has been increasing at an alarming pace, in large metropolitan areas. â€Å"Urban environment and violent behavior 3 Design and form of the urban environment may directly control violence. The residential areas, for example, may be selected by a criterion of distance from populations with real or assumed tendencies to commit violence, or individualRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On The Perceptions Of Excessive Use Of Force Essay2343 Words   |  10 PagesArchbold, 2010). Regarding the Michael Brown case, many sources think it was racially motivated. This incident alone has sparked a debate concerning whether the number of white officers patrolling the majority black community is an issue or not. In an article written by DePillis, he states his opinion that if there was to be an increase of black policer officers it will not resolve the issue of police brutality because what people don’t know is, it’s more complex than we think. 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The article considers the example of a building with several broken windows. If the windows remain in a state of disrepair, vandals may consider this free reign to break more windows, or even further vandalise the property. In essence the theory

Case Study Boo Hoo. Essay Example For Students

Case Study Boo Hoo. Essay Question 1. Which strategic marketing assumptions and decisions arguably made Boo. com’s failure inevitable? Contrast these with other dot-com era survivors that are still in business, for example lastminute. com, Egg. com and Firebox. com. Boo. com was started by 3 Swedish entrepreneurs as they wanted to launch a world wide online retail website selling major sports brands clothing like Adidas, Nike, Fila, Lacoste, Polo and Ralph Lauren etc. here were major decisions and assumptions were made, taking for an example the currency conversion rate offered in US and Europe was far lower than the normal currency conversion rate in the market this lead to negative impact on the Boo. com and its sales. Initially it was though that world wide launching and making it a successful online store within month by injecting huge amount of money would lead to brand recognition in the market. Company invested $135 Million in the first 6 months in order to make it popular website all over the w orld (Tillett 2000). Author Verma Verma (2003) explains that website retailing is least expensive as maintaining website and uploading pictures and graphics and using creative 7 Ps of the marketing mix leads to positive result. Boo. com spend $6milion in 1999-2000 on web developing and adding pictures of the products which coasted them $200 per picture was a huge expense created by the company management, due to those reasons they couldn’t generate $20 million in 2000 and on 18th May 2000 company got bankrupt. The assumption of being a global brand within months by injecting unnecessary money in the technology and it operation was a wrong decision made by the Boo. com management which actually led to disaster and company needed urgent finances in 2000 which eventually lead them to bankruptcy. Another major assumption went wrong was the selection of the target market. Company started targeting males and females aged 18 years to 24 years old as it was believed they are more fashion conscious people. But critics and according to media pointed out the fact that these people are fashion conscious but how many 18 to 24 male and females go online and do shopping using their credit cards. This is what we are talking about in 1990 where online frauds and dial internet were common comparing to now. In contrast there were other online retailers like egg. com and Firebox. com and they survived and still running business. As money or profits generated and wise and realistic strategies and tactics were used by these companies. According to a travel Trade Gazette (2007) clearly stated in their article that Boo. om blew their money and wasted on so many unnecessary technologies. Article also presented that boo. com is linked with one of the biggest failures of the first dot. com era. It materialised at around the same time as lastminute. com and was Swedish-owned UK-based site selling lifestyle apparel. Extravagant marketing and development costs meant it burned through money which impacted i n 2000 when investors gave up and $20 million was not raised by the company on 18th May 2000 and was declared bankrupt. Where as other online companies used less financial sources and tried best to attract customers and satisfy their needs and wants. So basically above arguments and facts clearly shows various wrong decisions were made by the Boo. com management and by the company itself which led them to failure. Question 2. Using the framework of the marketing mix, appraise the marketing tactics of Boo. com in the areas of Product, Pricing, Place, Promotion, Process, People and Physical Evidence. For online retailers it is vital to create their marketing mix very effective as it is not mere limited to the Place, Price, Product and promotion (Rix Stanton 1998). Reconstruction and the Issue of Equality after the Civil war EssayIn many ways, the vision of Boo. com founders were ideas before their time is very true and based on the facts gathered and theories it can be easily justifiable. It was understood that in 1990 in UK US most of the indfgdfgternet connections were dial up with 40K to max 56K speed. Boo. com came up with the extensive piece of technology which is used now in 2005 and after still people complaint about the speed and the software they need to load to access the website or to use their tools online effectively. A recent example is â€Å"Flash Player† is required to watch some graphics. In 1990 ith the dial up speed customers were frustrated since it took more than 8 second to lead a page properly and on top of that they required such free software available online. This has created a negative satisfaction within the market as they have to go through 44 pages catalogue and fashion magazine to buy certain product an d again on top they have to wait for 10 days for the delivery. These ideas today are highly successful as ADSL and ADSL 2+ has created a revolution as they can generate page with 20,000kbps speed and most of the computers now already comes with various small and big software. So this shows that if Boo. com would have launched in 2007 with same strategies and tactics they would have become successful. Unfortunately the timing wasn’t so right and even though Boo. com invested so much in the technology wasn’t worth it at all. For an example Boo. com introduced the virtual salesperson in 3D graphics in 1990 with dial up speed I wouldn’t be that effective beside it would take long time to load and guide with the customer’s queries. Now days most of the retail website using such tactics to attract customers and where target market can even put their product on the dummy virtual salesperson just to get an idea that whether it will suit or not. in order to attract customers online advertising and marketing tools were used by the company were they send potential customers emails and provoke them to visit website and which would lead to sales. Arguably not many aged 18 to 24 males and females goes online and shop in 1990 the percentage was way low comparing to now. Author Son Ikuta (2007) agrees and justifies that wrong selection of target market lead to high cost and low profits which happened to Boo. com as well they didn’t reach their target market well and which lead to negative results. References: †¢ Rix P. Stanton W. J. 1998 â€Å"Marketing: A practical Approach† 3rd edition. McGraw Hill. Sydney †¢ Son J. D. Ikuta S (2007) â€Å"Customer selection problem with search cost, due date, sideline profit, and no waiting room† Pacific Journal of operational research. Volume 24. Number 5. †¢ Tillett L. S. 2000 â€Å"It’s back from the dead† Internet week article. Issue 834. Page 11. †¢ Travel Trade Gazette (TGG) May25th 2007 â€Å"There is life after death Boo. com† Tonbridge. Page13. †¢ Viswanathan N. K. Dickson P. R (2007) â€Å"The fundamentals of Standardizing the global marketing strategy†. International Marketing Review. Volume 24. Issue 1. Page 46. †¢ Verma D. P. S. Verma G (2003) â€Å"Online pricing: Concepts, Methods and current practices† Journal of service Research. Volume 3. Issue 1. Page 135.

Woolfs A Room of Ones Own and Wollstonecrafts A Vindications of the Rights of Woman Essay Example

Woolfs A Room of Ones Own and Wollstonecrafts A Vindications of the Rights of Woman Paper Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was published in 1792, a period of radical reform in the wake of the French Revolution, and one of the first examples of feminist literature. Virginia Woolfs A Room of Ones Own, written over a century later and published in 1929, appeared in the wake of several feminist movements, the Suffragettes of the previous century and women being given the same voting rights as men just a year before, a result from womens involvement in the First World War. Both texts are in the form of an extended essay, in the written mode, with the purpose to inform and persuade. The audience for both texts is primarily the higher classes, educated people with the money to send their children to private schools, hence the discussion of schooling in both text excerpts. An immediate discrepancy is apparent in both texts; though both address an educated audience, the levels of formality differ. Woolf keeps a lower level of formaily with the reader, employing archaisms such as alas and hyperbole (in phrases such as I have shirked the duty and bowed down by the weight of the subject) for comedic effect, whereas Wollstonecrafts language contains phrases that would not be considered archaisms at the time, such as of a Sunday and babes, and therefore lacking the humourous tenor of Woolfs text, though employing the same style of language. We will write a custom essay sample on Woolfs A Room of Ones Own and Wollstonecrafts A Vindications of the Rights of Woman specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Woolfs A Room of Ones Own and Wollstonecrafts A Vindications of the Rights of Woman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Woolfs A Room of Ones Own and Wollstonecrafts A Vindications of the Rights of Woman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Notably, both texts employ the use of a personal account to exemplify the texts content. Both accounts convey the rules regarding walking on grass, and are somwhat similar in style Wollstonecrafts formality dissipates to produce a passage not unlike Woolfs work, an abundance of the first person pronoun I is found as well as hyperbolic language (tyrant of this domain to refer to a school master and refering to the schoolyard as a prison yard), giving the short passage an almost conversational tone. However, unlike Woolfs work, this lower tenor is reserved for a passage placed outside the main body of text, implying a higher level of formality was expected of a text in Wollstonecrafts time, opposed to Woolfs ability to freely write with a low tenor throughout the essay. Grammatically, an obvious difference between the texts is the use of punctuation in determining sentence length. Wollstonecraft employs almost an excessive amount of punctuation, resulting in long sentences; In the best regulated schools, however, where swarms are not crammed together, many bad habits must be acquired; but, at common schools, the body, heart, and understanding, are equally stunted, for parents are often only in quest of the cheapest school, and the master could not live, if he did not take a much greater number than he could manage himself; nor will the scanty pittance, allowed for each child, permit him to hire ushers sufficient to assist in the discharge of the mechanical part of the business. The use of semi-colons to create verbose complex sentences are in direct contrast to Woolfs frequently shorter compound and complex sentences, despite even employing numerous semi-colons; I need not say that what I am about to describe has no existence; Oxbridge is an invention; so is Fernham; I is merely a convenient term for somebody who has no real being. Woolfs sentences, being shorter, remain more coherent than Wollstonecrafts frequently prolix passages, reflect a change in the standard of accessibility of texts, a 20th Century audience demanding concise information opposed to the 18th Century style of formal and complex language (indeed, the Romantic poetry movement of Wollstonecrafts era called for an end to the pretentious and exclusive styles of writing favoured by authors of the time). Woolf also uses grammar in the lowering of her tenor, using the second person pronoun you to refer to the reader directly, something the Wollstonecraft text declines to do, as well employing the impartial first person one (One can only give ones audience ) for an aloof, comedic effect. Though the use of one may be expected in the archaic, more formal text of Wollstonecraft, it is omitted. Instead, both texts are similar in their frequent use of the first person I. As both texts aim to convey the authors views, this is hardly surprising, though the frequency in which is appears in Woolfs text outstrips Wollstonecrafts usage again implying a change in the expected formality of their respective eras. Woolfs use of non-standard grammar (in opening sentences with a conjunction But however small it was ), dashes ( a subject is highly controversial and any question about sex is that one cannot hope to tell the truth. ), to give a sense of spontaneity, and parenthetical remarks all give A Room of Ones Own an almost conversational tone unsurprising considering it being based on a series of lectures given by Woolf. Again, this difference in language reflects the moving social trends Wollstonecraft would have been unable to give lectures, or even allowed inside a university, and the language in Rights of Woman reflects this; Wollstonecraft makes no use of parenthesis or dashes, and so the text lacks Woolfs spontaneity. A direct example of change in grammar is Wollstonecrafts an habit. An is the older form of the indefinite article (whereas in Woolfs text and the modern day both a and an would be used depending on pronunciation), originating from the German ein, reflecting the change in influence of other languages on English from the 18th Century. In terms of semantics, an interesting similarity is the shared usage of a smenatic field of nature noth works frequently use terms such as animal spirits blossoms of hope and ripened in Vindication, and Woolfs frequent references and analogies, such as comparing of a thought to the sort of fish that a good fisherman puts back in the water and describing the bushes and the bank of the river around her in vivid detail. However, their use differs; Wollstonecraft keeps the references short and aims to compliment the emotional appeals used in a persuasive text, whereas Woolf is highly literary and employs rhetoric in her descriptions, rich in modifiers, personification and latinate language; To the right and left bushes of some sort, goldren and crimson, glowed with the colour, even it seemed burnt with heat, of fire. On the further bank the willows wept in perpetual lamentation, their hair about their shoulders. Woolfs inclusion of the semantic field in her rhetoric again suggests a more relaxed attitude towards language in the 20th Century compared to the 18th considering the groundbreaking natural philosophy and metaphysical aspects of Wollstonecrafts comtemporaries poetry (the Romantics, such as Wordsworth, Keats and Shelley), it is hardly surprising there is a lack of richly decorated language and personification in Rights of Woman; as a persuasive text, it would not have been taken seriously. Lexically, further differences show a change in language. Wollstonecraft frequently makes use of emotional lexis, such as; he physical and moral evils that torment mankind, as well as of the vices and follies that degrade and destroy women This suggests that what influences language has also changed. Wollstonecrafts references to evil and vices and follies suggest a spiritual influence on language, not unsurprising considering the importance of the Bible in the 18th and 19th centuries. The decline of this influence can be seen in Woolfs text, where no mention of moral or spiritual matters are made, instead suggesting it is the ideas, the prejudices of people that are responsible for the hindrences facing women writing fiction. Other differences come in the graphology of the texts, Rights of Woman notably being printed with the long s (? ). The short form came into usage around 1800, and so was the norm by the time A Room of Ones Own was published, and is representative of the attitudes towards ease of reading, confusion with the letter f was common, and again shows English moving away from its Germanic roots, favouring the Antinqua Script as Germany continued with Blackletter styles (still evident today in the German Eszett i ). Ultimately, it is the context of the two texts that determines the differences and language change. As societys attitudes towards both language and feminism relaxed, so did the language, and this is reflected in the change of tenor between the two texts. Further contextual factors include education and womens rights Woolf, though not sent to school, received a literary education from her wealthy parents, and this high level of literacy and relaxed attitudes towards feminism shows in the rich language of A Room of Ones Own. While Wollstonecraft was writing it was still considered unthinkable for a woman to act outside the norm (after Wollstonecrafts death, her husbands recounts of her love affairs caused such a scandal her posthumous reputation was left in tatters), and as such Rights of Women is consistently written in a formal tenor, avoiding language that would be considered innapropiate (such as Woolfs description of a Beadle as a curious-looking object), instead choosing to keep well within societys norms.